Hot Spot in dogs

Acute moist dermatitis or hot spots are red, moist and painful sores that occur due to intense scratching and biting at the skin. Dogs will start scratching because of fleas or allergies and open the skin for bacterial growth and a hot spot develops. These hot spots can become very large and grow quickly.
Commonly affected breeds are Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever, German Shepherd Dog, and Saint Bernard.
Symptoms - The spots are red, hot, moist, and painful. The dog will bite and itch at a spot until they inflict this trauma. Hair loss will start to occur over the area, that is when many owners first see the sore.
Treatment of hot spot -
The hair around the sore needs to be clipped so that air and medication can reach the wound. The clipped area should include the wound itself as well as the edges of the lesion. If the wound is large and the dog seems to be in pain, sedation may need to be used.
The wound should be cleansed and rinsed thoroughly with water.
The original problem needs to be treated. Antibiotics are sometimes needed to help speed healing.
The dog needs to stop itching the spot, this may mean using an Elizabethan collar.
Treatment can be done at home but these spots are very painful and dogs can bite their owners if in pain.

WHELPING STAGES

THE WHELPING PERIOD
Most female dogs will whelp alone and without assistance, needing only supervision by you to see that all is going well. Be ready to help her or seek help when labor begins if any abnormalities develop. When in labor she may lie on her side and strain or stand in a "urination stance" (squatting as if to urinate) as she strains.


STEPS IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER:
1. Abdominal straining in the urination stance if lying on her side.
2. Appearance of the "water bag" at the vulva.
3. With continued straining the "water bag" should be forced out within 15 minutes. The puppy will be contained within this membranous sac. The mother should chew the membranes from around the newborn puppy and free it from the sac.
4. Afterbirth placenta should follow each pup within 5 to 15 minutes. Don't allow the mother to eat more than one or two afterbirths since she may get indigestion and diarrhea if allowed to do so.
5. Another puppy should follow in 1 to 2 hours. If the mother continues to strain and have contractions for more then 2 hours without giving birth to another puppy.
Make sure the heating pad is not too warm and cover it with some towels. It is not necessary that the puppies nurse until the mother dog has completed whelping all her puppies.
6. After the mother has completed whelping she will lie down and rest with no further straining or contractions. Then, take her out of the whelping box and allow her to urinate outside. Return her to the whelping box and give her the puppies to nurse.
7. The mother should be examined within 24 to 48 hours after whelping

PREPARATIONS AND SIGNS OF WHELPING

PREPARATION FOR WHELPING
1. The place where the mother dog is to whelp should be prepared a week or so in advance, allowing her to sleep there at night and rest there during the day so that she can accustom to the strange surroundings when the time comes for her to whelp. It should be away from activity, noise, and other pets.
2. A whelping box should be constructed using either plywood or sturdy cardboard packing cartons. For a medium sized bitch, a whelping box of four feet square is adequate. The front of the box should be cut away so the bitch can enter and leave the box without any trouble.
3. Provide a warm place to put the puppies as they are born either a hot water bottle or heating pad. The puppies can later be transferred to the whelping box when the mother dog has completed giving birth. If the puppies get too hot they will "scream" and cry, and if too cold they will whimper.
4. Most mother dogs will start to shed some hair around the nipples about 2 weeks before whelping. The underside of the mother should be gently and thoroughly washed and rinsed clean before the whelping. Any abnormal discharges such as bloody milk, or greenish yellow pus in the milk coming from the nipples and mammary glands should be brought to the attention of your veterinarian.
5. Tie a knot 1/4 to 1/2 inches from the puppy's abdomen and clean is with antiseptic lotion. A milk supplement and bottle feeder may be needed.
6. Smaller breeds will definitely need a heat source in the whelping box. Be careful of heat lamps. 7. Prior abdominal radiographs of the dam during her 8th week will help at birthing to determine the end point and exactly what to expect. This is especially helpful for first time owners.
8. Have emergency phone numbers handy for regular and after hours handy.
II. SIGNS OF ONCOMING LABOR
There may be a pre-labor period 8 to 24 hours in duration. The following signs may be seen during the pre-labor period, indicating the approaching whelping.
1. The bitch becomes restless, getting up, lying down, and changing her position frequently. She may vomit from nervousness.
2. She may paw and scratch at her bedding as if she were preparing a nest. She may tear newspaper up into little pieces in her attempt to make a nest.
3. Lack of interest in even the most tempting food is usually a sure sign that whelping is approaching.
4. Rectal temperature will fall below 99*F twelve hours or less prior to whelping.
5. Milk can be expressed from the nipple near or at the time of birth in those bitches having their first litter and about 4 days prior to whelping in those bitches which have had one or more litters previously.

Mange in dog and causative agents

Mange means an infection of the skin with mites, which usually results in loss of hair and scaly skin.
There are different mites which affect pets, the most common of which are:
1. The sarcoptic mite or dog scabies mite, it is common in dogs.

2. Ear mites - These are very common in cats and also occur in dogs.
3. Demodex, which cause demodectic mange. There are two types which occur in dogs, namely localized and generalized.

4. Cheyletiellosis, or 'walking dandruff', which can occur in both dogs and cats.
Mites are much like smaller versions of ticks and are roughly oval to circular short-legged insects barely visible to the naked eye. These are permanent parasites; each of their life stages relies on a host, and only survive for a short while when separated from that host, usually less than a week. They can spend their whole life on the same host.
Transmission between hosts is by direct contact due to the mite's short lifespan off-host. Generally, mites of dogs and cats feed on skin debris. Some can also feed on tissue fluid or blood. Enzymes are secreted by the mite from its salivary glands when it bites into the skin, to digest its 'food'.
Mites cause problems due to their burrowing behavior, which can damage layers of the skin, causing irritation and inflammation. Allergies to mite saliva or the mites themselves can cause severe itching in hypersensitive animals. Non-burrowing mites can cause irritation as they walk along the skin surface.

Inter-digital cyst in a dog - Homoeopathic medicines or surgical excision

Inter digital cysts are common in dogs, especially those with longer hair between the pads of the feet. In most dogs cysts start as a pimple and infection sets up in the sebaceous glands or the hair roots called follicular cysts.
These cysts will occur between the toes and around the bottoms of the feet. Dogs that are prone to cysts will have recurrence throughout their life and there is no way to prevent the problem. Once the cyst is present surgery is usually the most effective way to remove the problem. The cyst and surrounding affected tissue will be removed and the area will be treated with antibiotics and kept clean and dry until healed. There are rare chances the cyst come back in the same spot if the affected tissue has been completely removed. Dogs that have other infections in their body including urinary tract infections, parasite infections, flea problems or ear infections may be more prone to this type of cyst between the toes.
Treatment involves clipping the hair in the area, cleaning two or three times a day with a strong antibacterial treatment and complete drying of the area. Dogs will have to wear an Elizabethan collar if they are prone to licking and this is what has caused the problem.

Alternate treatment for this condition is Homoeopathic medicines. Some times the combination of medicines need to be given depending on the condition of cyst and foot.

Vaginal tumor in a dog

A female dog,Biscuit, 13 years old was brought to the clinic with this growth. It was a bad case of Vaginal tumor and only treatment for such case would be Surgical excision. But it was risky because of age, size of tumor and physical condition of the dog. Even the owners were not ready to take any risk and wanted to leave the dog. But counselling was done to make them understand that leaving is not the solution and after all they cant leave the dog like this as she may go in depression and the condition can deteriorate. they understood the fact that now it was their duty to look after the old dog, when she needed them most after serving for so many years. Finally Biscuit went back to home..........
HOW ONE CAN ABANDON THEIR COMPANION LIKE THIS. SOME CAN DO THAT AS THEY CAN ABANDON THEIR OWN PARENTS IN OLD AGE HOMES THEN WHAT AN ANIMAL MEANS FOR THEM?

RESEARCH ARTICLE: TISSUE ADHESIVE VS SUTURE

Comparative clinical studies on closure of skin incision with tissue adhesive (Iso amyl-2 cyanoacrylate) or sub-cuticular sutures in dogs.Personal Authors: Vandana Sangwan, Singh, A. P., Geeta, Ashok KumarAuthor Affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar - 125 004, India.Editors: No editorsDocument Title: Haryana VeterinarianAbstract:
The present study was conducted in twelve clinically healthy female dogs for comparison of sub-cuticular sutures (6 animals) with tissue adhesive (6 animals) for closure of flank ovariohysterectomy skin incision. The repair time (mean±S. E.) for skin closure was slightly more in tissue adhesive group (106.66±20.43 seconds) as compared to sub-cuticular group (91.66±20.06 seconds). Wound infection was not present in any of the animals of both groups. Wound dehiscence was observed in 2 animals of each group. Cosmesis score of the tissue adhesive group was slightly better than that of the sub-cuticular group, indicating the usefulness of both the techniques in low tension area with smaller skin incisions.

Publisher: College of Veterinary Sciences, Haryana Agricultural UniversityAbout CAB Abstracts CAB Abstracts is a unique and informative resource covering everything from Agriculture to Entomology to Public Health. In April 2006 we published our 5 millionth abstract, making it the largest and most comprehensive abstracts database in its field.

RESEARCH ARTICLE: TISSUE ADHESIVE VS SUTURE

Comparative clinical studies on closure of skin incision with tissue adhesive (Iso amyl-2 cyanoacrylate) or sub-cuticular sutures in dogs.Personal Authors: Vandana Sangwan, Singh, A. P., Geeta, Ashok KumarAuthor Affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar - 125 004, India.Editors: No editorsDocument Title: Haryana VeterinarianAbstract:
The present study was conducted in twelve clinically healthy female dogs for comparison of sub-cuticular sutures (6 animals) with tissue adhesive (6 animals) for closure of flank ovariohysterectomy skin incision. The repair time (mean±S. E.) for skin closure was slightly more in tissue adhesive group (106.66±20.43 seconds) as compared to sub-cuticular group (91.66±20.06 seconds). Wound infection was not present in any of the animals of both groups. Wound dehiscence was observed in 2 animals of each group. Cosmesis score of the tissue adhesive group was slightly better than that of the sub-cuticular group, indicating the usefulness of both the techniques in low tension area with smaller skin incisions.

Publisher: College of Veterinary Sciences, Haryana Agricultural UniversityAbout CAB Abstracts CAB Abstracts is a unique and informative resource covering everything from Agriculture to Entomology to Public Health. In April 2006 we published our 5 millionth abstract, making it the largest and most comprehensive abstracts database in its field.

House breaking of pup

Basics of Potty Training -
It is important for your dog to have an established routine. The easy way to look at the routine you need to establish is that any time there is a break during the day or a change of direction in your dog’s day, take the dog to his potty place.
The five keys to your success are:
1. When your dog gets up, take him to the potty place.
2. Feed your dog on a regular schedule which will eventually be thrice a day. After he eats or drinks anything, take him to the potty place.
3. After your dog plays or exercises, take him to the potty place.
4. Withhold water for two to four hours before your dog goes to bed.
5. Just prior to going to bed, take him to the potty place.
Depending on the age and activity of your dog, you may need one of the variations suggested in the training course. You may also want to understand the various methods of potty training and when to use which method. One method may fit your dog and your lifestyle better than the others.

Crate Training is Not House Training
There are three basic methods of housebreaking puppies or dogs - the basic direct method, the paper method, and the litter box method. Each method refers to where the dog potties.
Crate training is simply putting your puppy or dog into a crate at times when you cannot watch him every second during housetraining, you leave home, you want him to sleep, you need him to be or feel safe, you are traveling with him, or you need more control over his behavior.

BEST SHAMPOO FOR YOUR DOG

In market a variety of shampoo are available for dogs. But it's your duty to choose the best shampoo for your companion. Following are some points to help you for the best selection -
1. Avoid Scented Shampoos - A scented dog shampoo may smell wonderful to you but it can be irritating to your dog's skin.

2. Dog's Susceptibility to Fleas and Ticks - If your dog has a serious flea and tick problem, you may want to consider a shampoo containing pyrethrins. Be sure to avoid getting it in your dog's eyes during bath.
3. Give Thorough Rinse - If shampoo is left on your dog's skin, it can cause skin irritation. Rinse thoroughly and then rinse again.
4. Check your Dog's Skin Type - Dog shampoos are designed for dogs with oily, normal, and dry skin. You may need to consult your veterinarian for opinion.

5. Consider Sensitivity of dog's Skin - Try to avoid dog shampoos with a lot of synthetic ingredients as they can aggravate the skin problem.

6. Natural Dog Shampoo - Always try to choose natural dog shampoo to get the best results.
7. Don't Let Dog Ingest the Shampoo - Shampoo should be out of reach of children and pets.

Urinary bladder stones along with UTI (E.Coli)

Johny, A Boxer, 11 years old male dog was undergoing severe pain and trauma. He was suffering from hematuria and was lethargic, anorectic and had lapses of fever. The x-ray of abdominal area was done by one of the reputed Vet. hospital to find out the root of this problem and urinary bladder stones were found. Veterinarians at this hospital said that dog will die in 5-7 days, if not operated immediately. Owners were very much worried and concerned about this statement. Then owners approached at my clinic. Urine was tested qualitatively and quantitatively and culture test was positive for E.coli. Blood test was done and there was remarkable leucocytosis. Dog was put on antibiotics, other medications and syp.Neeri. Bleeding stopped by next day and appetite improved gradually and within 7 days of treatment there was remarkable improvement in activity level as well. After 21 days the X-ray was repeated and there was improvement in the status of urinary bladder stones as well. Finally dog is happy and the owner is happy.

Dog adoption from a shelter - two ways benefits

Most shelters are known as “kill shelters,” as elderly dogs, chronically ill dogs, dogs with serious behavioral problems or dogs in the shelter for a long period of time without a home are at risk of euthanasia. So adopting a dog from a shelter may save a dog from euthanasia.
80 percent of shelter dogs are in the shelter due to a change in living situation (i.e. a move to a small apartment ), a change in family situation (i.e. a new baby), or their owner has died or is too ill to care for them any longer.
“When you adopt a puppy, you have no idea what that dog will evolve into when he matures. You have no idea what bad habits he’ll have, how big he’ll get, what his temperament will be like, if he’ll get along with the children or if he’s incompatible with other dogs. With an adult dog, you know exactly what you’re getting into.”

Animal shelters and other rescue organizations provide information on new dog’s personality, temperament, habits and qualities on training, common behavior problems, feeding, general care etc. Breeders and pet stores generally do not offer such support.
Shelter dogs are large and small, and there are pure-breeds and mixes. New dogs arrive at shelters and at rescue organizations every day, so checking back on a weekly basis, or check the shelter or organization’s website for the latest profiles on adoptable pets.
Dog owners who adopt dog from a shelter or rescue organization also have the benefit of taking home a pet that’s been already spayed or neutered. Usually all rescue organizations and shelters neuter or spay all cats and dogs before they’re placed. I always encourage owners to meet the animals – that’s the best way to find your pet. Looks can attract you to a dog initially, but it’s not going to work if your personalities aren’t compatible. So meet the dogs to find the best suitable dog for you.

Anti-Rabies Vaccination in pets - Mandatory and useful

Vaccination against rabies is mandatory and you can do it starting the age of three months.
The second vaccination of the dog is necessary once every year with the same type of vaccine, in order to avoid your dog contact the diseases above mentioned.

For cats, vaccination starts when they reach six-eight weeks, because they too have natural protection from the mother in their body up to that point. The second mandatory vaccination is necessary when your cat reaches the age of ten - twelve weeks, then every year.
vaccination schedule:
5 weeks old : Puppy DP vaccination
8 weeks old: 9 in 1 vaccine
10 weeks old: vaccine against corona viruses
12 weeks old: 9 in 1 vaccine
14 weeks old: vaccine against corona viruses
You cannot keep the puppy in the same place with another animal, excepting the siblings, even if that other pet is worm free and vaccinated, and under no circumstances, you must not keep the dog in a place where an animal has died.
You cannot transport the puppy in extreme temperature or humid conditions.
When the puppy becomes an adult, it must receive the second vaccination. Ask your vet how often your dog must be vaccinated and what exactly types of vaccines must it get.

Vets recommend that your dogs should get vaccination every year, throughout their entire life.

chew sticks - to curb the chewing habits

Chewing is a perfectly normal and natural canine behavior. Prevention and treatment of destructive chewing behavior focus on management and education—to prevent dog from chewing inappropriate items.
Prevention - Whenever leaving home, confine your puppy to a large confinement area -with a comfortable bed, a bowl of water, and freshly-stuffed chew toys. House trained adult dogs may be confined to a dog crate. When you are home, confine your puppy to crate with nothing but a freshly-stuffed chew toy for entertainment. Every hour, take your puppy to relieve it and if he goes, praise her and play some chew toy games with her before putting her back.
The purpose of confinement is to prevent your dog from chewing inappropriate items around the house and to maximize the likelihood your dog will develop a chew toy habit.

Ovarian cyst in a female dog

Broony, 7 years old, female dog was in season two months ago, coupled with the dark bloody discharge for a long period. She made me wonder if she has an ovarian cyst. The cyst could be interfering with her normal hormone production, and account for the bleeding.
A small cyst could be treated with a series of hormone shots to make the cyst mature and rupture. But i decided for the ovario-hysterectomy and blood test was done to check any alteration from the normal values. Finally dog was spayed and these big ovarian cyst were removed. After recovery Broony is living healthy life and even the owners are are happy to see her back to the life. In my opinion, if you do not want to breed female dogs; they should be spayed to avoid problems and unwanted puppies.

GET A DOG NEUTERED AND HELP THE SOCIETIES TO CURB THE DOG POPULATION.

A CASE OF NEUROFIBROMA IN A DOG

She was brought to the clinic with growth over chest cavity. Histopathology was done to find out the type and kind of growth and concluded Neurofibroma and was attached with ribs and intercostal muscles. Tumor was growing at speedy rate and dog was loosing weight day by day. Finally, it was decided to operate upon the dog.

Tortoise with rectal prolapse

A young tortoise with loose motion and rectal problem was brought to the clinic. Prolapse was repaired surgically and tortoise was put on medication. finally it recovered very well and was fit after that.

Eye diseases in dogs

Eyes are one of the sensitive parts of a dog. Most eye ailments in a dog appear on their eyelids. Dogs have three eyelids for each eye - the upper, lower and the third eyelid. These diseases may or may not cause pain and discomfort to your pet, however, if left untreated, can lead to severe conditions where the canine can even lose its vision. Hence, it is important to consult a veterinarian when you observe changes in your dog's eye.

Glaucoma - This is one of the most serious eye ailments found in the dogs. It is caused when fluids in the eye are not let out and cause increased pressure over the eye. When a dog is suffering from glaucoma, its eye may appear cloudy, red or swollen. There are two types of glaucoma - primary and secondary. It may cause pain to a dog, leading to depression and loss of appetite. If glaucoma is diagnosed at the initial stages, it can be treated.
Cataract - The normal transparent lens of the eye is filled with white opacities, blurring the vision of the dog. This disease is common in Labradors, Cocker Spaniels, German Shepherds and Golden Retrievers. The cause that develop cataract, is usually heredity. However, it can appear with other eye diseases or diabetes. Cataract in dogs can be corrected surgically but complete vision may not come.
Conjunctivitis - It is caused due to the inflammation of conjunctiva, which is a tissue that lines the eyelids and attaches the eyeball to the cornea. If one eye gets affected, the other eye is also prone to it. It is commonly observed in puppies rather than the adult dogs. The eye may appear reddish and thick mucus may be discharged which is green or yellowish in color. Eyes are likely to stick together when closed and would be difficult to open.
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca - Also known as the dry eye condition. This condition is developed when the eye dries due to less production of tears.
Cherry Eye or Prolapsed Third Eyelid Gland - The tear gland, located in the corner of the eye bulges out and appears reddish. This condition of the eye is called cherry eye or the prolapsed third eye gland. This condition is not as critical as it appears and can be treated through surgery, where the popped gland is pushed back into its place. This eye disease is common in Bulldogs, Cocker Spaniels, Beagles, Napolean Mastiff etc.
Entropion - The eye lid tends to curl inward. This causes hair above the eye to fall on the eyeball thus causing corneal ulcer. Common symptoms are red or squinted eyes. The dog may sense pain and constantly scratch the eye which may cause more damage to the eye which may further lead to loss of eyesight. The treatment is surgery, which is known as blepharoplasty in which the eyelids are tightened. This condition affects almost all the dog breeds, however, there are some in which it is very common like the Saint Bernard, Great Danes, Rottweiler, poodles, Shar-Peis and Spaniels.
It is important to take your dog to a vet even if you find a slightest change in the appearance of their eye.

my article

Title: Evaluation of pentazocine lactate as a postoperative analgesic in dogs.Personal Authors: Geeta, Jit Singh, Vandana Sangwan, Sandeep Gera, Garg, S. L.Author Affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar - 125 004, India.Editors: No editorsDocument Title: Haryana VeterinarianAbstract:
Studies were done on 12 healthy female dogs brought for ovariohysterectomy as an elective surgery. Surgery was done through a right flank incision under atropine-xylazine-ketamine anaesthesia. In six animals pentazocine lactate (2 mg/kg) was administered intramuscularly preoperatively while another six animals received this drug at the same dose rate immediately after completion of surgery. A numerical rating scale using several behavioural parameters was used to assess pain. Mean total pain scores indicated that pentazocine (2 mg/kg) effectively controls the moderate postoperative pain caused by ovariohysterectomy. The blockade of pain appears to be slightly better in those animals where pentazocine was administered preoperatively. It appears that determination of plasma cortisol concentration can be a useful tool to assess the intensity of pain. The results also indicated that if moderate pain caused by a surgical procedure is effectively controlled in first 24 postoperative hours, subsequent administration of analgesic drug may not be required.Publisher: College of Veterinary Sciences, Haryana Agricultural University

Dermatitis in dogs

Itching and scratching are the important symptoms of skin problems in dogs. The dog goes through the scratching to rid their body of an itch and this disturbs you and the dog as the itching continues until proper treatments relieve the underlying problem. Now you must find out the cause of the dog health skin problems. It can be either environmental dermatitis or nutritional dermatitis.
Environmental dermatitis, your vet may ask questions about where the dog sleeps or plays and urinates, what the dog likes to do like dig holes, swim in the pool or roll in the grass. After taking a full history of the dog, vet will start eliminating one thing at a time.The skin disease may have come from dirt, grass or swimming pool. Dogs with thick hair usually lack proper grooming and become a good ground for bacterial growth. Moist eczema or hot spot is the most common form of dermatitis in dogs. It takes time to pinpoint the exact cause because there are so many reasons for the reaction.
Nutritional Dermatitis - Improper and imbalanced nutrition results in nutritional dermatitis in your dog. Poor skin condition and dull coats can come from an improper diet. If you do buy cheap dog food, you may need to supplement the diet with vitamins for prevention of nutritional dermatitis.
Dogs are a part of the family and will be faithful and loving if properly cared. so you should take care of your pet for the sake of its health and your relief as well.

shona played with atta

ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS FOR YOUR PET

Fats are an important source of energy for dogs and cats. Essential Fatty Acids (EFA) are polyunsaturated fatty acids that are vital to the normal development and growth of both humans and animals. The term EFA means that the body is unable to produce these fats and they must be obtained in food. They are found in all cell membranes, tissues, and organs of the body. Even before birth, EFA’s are key to normal development of the brain, eyes, and bones. These are the nutrients that have protective properties essential to good health. In animals, there is clear evidence that deficiency of the EFA’s causes disease. Dogs and cats often do not get the daily supply of EFA’s they need. As a result of which the normal growth and development of the brain, eyes, skin, and hair suffers. Researches have proved that supplementing the diets of dogs and cats with EFA’s is an effective way to provide these vital nutrients.The most important of the EFA’s are the long-chained omega-3s, and two of the omega-6s - Gama-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are the important omega-6s. These omega-6 fatty acids are powerful anti-inflammory agents in the body and also required to have healthy skin and coats. They are subject to much faster degenerative processes. They are also important to maintaining healthy bones. The long chained omega-3s are found almost exclusively in fish oil. A refined fish oil can provide DHA and EPA more safely than by eating the fish itself. It is too risky to rely on diet alone. Daily small amount of these fats is simple and effective. It eliminates the possibility that EFA deficiency can harm your pet. These are available in the market in liquid form as well. Different companies like Ayurvet, Venky etc are marketing it by the trade name of vitacharm and glossycoat. In my practice i have seen that administartion of these EFA's are very helpful in controlling the skin diseases and other related disorders. So, i always recommend that these EFA's should be added to the diet on daily basis. So that you can your promise to give healthy life to your dog.

a summer trip - shona

summer trip-shona

this trip was really fabulous and interesting.

stylish shona

shona always pose differently for the photographs....she make different faces, gives different reactions. sometimes i think she is a born actor or its just the new generation. i don't know about it but she is really cute